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Art and Architecture

The following images are good examples of how the theater looked during the Roman period.


This is an image one of the earliest permanent Roman theaters, constructed in the first century A.D., nearly two centuries after Plautus and Terence wrote. One common (but by no means universally accepted) explanation for this lag between literature and architecture is religious taboo, the idea that imitating others is somehow unnatural and therefore a potential source of social contamination that would spread unchecked if it were given a permanent site. In fact, actors in Rome were indeed subect to a form of taboo. The contrasts with Greek theater architecture are sometimes subtle but important. The Greek theater is part of the natural landscape, but the Roman structure is imposed on nature. The orchestra (the "dancing place"), a central feature of Greek theater architecture, has shrunk drastically in size. Finally, the long and narrow Roman stage is backed by an elaborately decorated frons scaenae Typically the frons scaenae included several openings for actors to make their exits and entrances, the openings representing the various doors of separate private houses built along the public street.

Our knowledge of ancient theater comes not only from the work of philologists and literary critics but from the study of architecture and the findings of archaeologists. Not only artists but artisans of all sorts drew on the theater for inspiration for many of their images. Scenes from contemporary performances were recreated and thus preserved in vase decorations, mosaics, terracotta figurines, masks, and even wall-paintings, much the same way as Disney's Pocohantas is mememorialized in countless dolls, posters, and trinkets. Here is an unknown artist's rendering on a wall in Pompeii of a Hellenistic performance.

This is a conjectural reconstruction of Roman stage at the time of Plautus and Terence. Like the Greek theater, the Romans too used a facade stage, though here the facade is much more elaborate. Yet the architecture of the classical facade stage still makes for drama and dramatic performances quite different from modern proscenium or thrust stages. It is principally a public drama: nearly all scenes were set out-of-doors, with the various openings in the facade representing the doors of houses set along a street, and most of the encounters between people, whether trivial or important, take place in public spaces rather than private ones. If you think that the most significant events of peoples' lives take place behind closed doors, such drama may not seem very credible. But stop for a moment and think, from a spectator's point of view, which is the more logical theatrical convention: to witness conversations between people on a public street, or to eavesdrop on the life of a family in their living room, one of the walls of the house made magically transparent to permit you to see through it?
Here it is possible to compare two styles of theater architecture, that of Hellenistic Greece (top) and of Imperial Rome. The prototype for the Roman theater is Hellenistic, and yet here as in most other respects (recall the changes Plautus made to his Greek texts) the Romans did not simply copy their predecessors. For one thing, unlike the Greeks, the Romans typically built their theaters on flat sites, combining the acting areas and the seating areas into a single structure. Also the Romans built with concrete, a technique which revolutionised the construction of theaters in the same way it revolutionized cities themselves as well as urban life. It was now possible to build larger and more lavishly, and the construction of larger buildings led naturally to greater architectural emphasis on the buildings' interiors, and greater emphasis on interiors--much the same thing has occurred in our culture with shopping malls--ledto changed social habits.